Comiskey D, Api AM, Barratt C, et al
Exposure of fragrance ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products to the population can be determined by way of a detailed and robust survey.
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Safford B, Api AM, Barrett C, et al
As part of a joint project between the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) and Crème Global, a Monte Carlo model (here named the Creme RIFM model) has been developed to estimate consumer exposure to ingredients in personal care products.
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Comiskey D, Api AM, Barrett C, et al
In order to accurately assess aggregate exposure to a fragrance material in consumers, data are needed on consumer habits and practices, as well as the concentration of the fragrance material in those products.
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Roberts DW, Api AM, Safford RJ, Lalko JF
An essential step in ensuring the toxicological safety of chemicals used in consumer products is the evaluation of their skin sensitising potential.
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Safford RJ, Api AM, Roberts DW, Lalko JF
The evaluation of chemicals for their skin sensitising potential is an essential step in ensuring the safety of ingredients in consumer products.
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Safford B, Api AM, Barratt C, et al
Ensuring the toxicological safety of fragrance ingredients used in personal care and cosmetic products is essential in product development and design, as well as in the regulatory compliance of the products.
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Politano VT, Api AM
With implementation of the dermal sensitization QRA approach for fragrance ingredients, IFRA/RIFM are recommending use of the RIFM standard human repeated insult patch test (HRIPT) protocol for generation of confirmatory human data for the induction of dermal sensitization in a normal human population.
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Api AM, Vey M
Significant developments have recently been incorporated in the way dermal sensitization risk assessments are conducted for fragrance ingredients.
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Api AM, Basketter DA, Cadby PA, et al
Based on chemical, cellular, and molecular understanding of dermal sensitization, an exposure-based quantitative risk assessment (QRA) can be conducted to determine safe use levels of fragrance ingredients in different consumer product types.
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Fragrance Skin Sensitization Evaluation and Human Testing: 30-Year Experience
The human repeated insult patch test (HRIPT) has a history of use in the fragrance industry as a component of safety evaluation, exclusively to confirm the absence of skin sensitization at a defined dose. The aim of the study was to document the accumulated experience from more than 30 years of conducting HRIPTs.
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Api AM, Basketter D, Bridges J, et al
This revision of the Quantitative Risk Assessment 1 (QRA1), termed QRA2, provides an improved method for establishing safe levels for sensitizing fragrance materials in multiple products to limit the risk of induction of contact allergy.
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Nishijo T, Api AM, Gerberick GF, et al
Skin sensitization evaluation is a key part of the safety assessment of ingredients in consumer products, which may have skin sensitizing potential.
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Patel A, Joshi K, Rose J, et al
The use of threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) supports the safety assessment of exposure to low levels of chemicals when toxicity data are limited. A major goal for the RIFM safety assessment program is to invest in alternative methods to animal testing for use in assessment of fragrance materials.
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Date MS, O’Brien D, Botelho DJ, et al
A valuable approach to chemical safety assessment is the use of read-across chemicals to provide safety data to support the assessment of structurally similar chemicals.
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, et al
RIFM has evaluated safety data for fragrance materials for 55 years. The safety assessment of Natural Complex Substances (NCS) is similar to that of discrete fragrance materials; all of the same endpoints are evaluated. A series of decision trees follows a tiered approach for each endpoint using a 4-step process with testing only as a last resort. This process aims to provide a comprehensive Safety Assessment of NCS used as a fragrance ingredient.
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Thakkar Y, Moustakas H, Aardema M, et al
An evaluation of the utility of the 3D reconstructed skin micronucleus assay (3DRSMN) to assess clastogenic/aneugenic potential of the fragrance chemicals. Results from evaluations of 22 fragrance materials in the 3DRSMN assay compared with those from an in vivo micronucleus assay were shown to be in 100% agreement.
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Lee I, Na M, Lavelle M, et al
This paper details how RIFM derives the NESIL, short for “no expected sensitization induction level,” using all available data. The NESIL is used to help identify maximum acceptable concentrations of an ingredient in fragranced products, which in turn inform the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Standards.
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Sadekar N, Boisleve F, Dekant W, et al
A list of 97 reported respiratory sensitizers was generated and less than 10 chemicals were confirmed with compelling evidence for induction of respiratory sensitization in humans from occupational exposures. This reference list will help for developing novel research on respiratory sensitization.
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Ritacco G, Hilberer A, Lavelle M, et al
An improved methodology to the safety assessment of fragrance materials for photoirritation is described in detail. The tiered approach, which relies on animal-alternative methods, is shown to minimize the likelihood of photoirritation from fragrance materials.
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Na M, O’Brien D, Lavelle M, et al
This study aimed to define skin sensitization potency of fragrance materials via weight of evidence approach, incorporating all available human, animal, in vitro, in chemico, and in silico data. All available data on 106 fragrance materials were considered to assign each material into 1 of the 6 defined potency categories (extreme, strong, moderate, weak, very weak, and nonsensitizer). These results may serve as a useful resource in evaluation of nonanimal methods, as well as in risk assessment.
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Thakkar Y, Moustakas H, Api AM, et al
In order to evaluate the genotoxic potential of mintlactone, in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity tests were conducted. Results from bacterial mutagenicity tests varied across different batches of differing purity with positive results observed in TA98 only. In the absence of dependable scientific information on the purity and/or storage stability of mintlactone, its safety for use as a fragrance ingredient could not be substantiated.
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Lee I, Na M, O’Brien D, et al
In a collaborative paper, RIFM, along with L’Oréal and Charles River Laboratories, report on the results of using the U-SENS assay.Fragrance ingredients were tested using the U-SENS™ assay and results compared to weight of evidence from historical data. RIFM anticipates that the U-SENS assay will be added to the OECD Guideline as one of the “me too” assays.
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Na M, O’Brien D, Gerberick G. Frank, et al
RIFM collaborated with Procter & Gamble (P&G) on a report on using the animal-alternative SENS-IS assay to determine the sensitization potential for fragrance ingredients. The results showed that SENS-IS provides a useful approximation of skin potency to help identify ingredients for further testing.
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